Asad Ullah

Recent developments across the Middle East and the Horn of Africa tell a story that few have bothered to connect. A multibillion-dollar Pakistani arms deal with Libya.

This study examines the gap concerning occupants’ perceived thermal comfort and objectively measured indoor conditions in a green university building in Riyadh. The purpose is to assess occupant satisfaction with thermal conditions, compare subjective responses with physical measurements, and derive design and operational implications for educational buildings in hot-arid climates. The primary aim was to assess occupant satisfaction with indoor thermal conditions and to measure key environmental parameters to provide a thorough assessment of thermal comfort. A cross-sectional approach was used, combining subjective data from the Center for the Built Environment (CBE) Occupant Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) survey with objective measurements of air temperature, relative humidity, mean radiant temperature, and air velocity, which were documented over five consecutive working days during the mid-winter period in Riyadh. These parameters were explored using the CBE Thermal Comfort Tool to calculate Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD) indices. Statistical analyses examined the relationship between occupant-reported comfort and measured environmental conditions. Results showed that only 36% of occupants reported satisfaction with thermal comfort, while 48% expressed dissatisfaction. In contrast, objective measurements indicated stable indoor conditions within recommended comfort ranges (average temperature 23 °C, humidity 30–34%, MRT 24 °C, air velocity 0.5–1.0 m/s), with PMV values near neutral (−0.2 to 0.0) and PPD below 6%. The observed discrepancy highlights the influence of regional climate, individual adaptability, and perceived control. These findings emphasize the need to integrate both subjective feedback and objective measurements to develop occupant-centered strategies that enhance comfort and well-being in sustainable educational buildings in hot-arid climates.

The standard critique of the war does not ask who requires Iran to remain an enemy rather than a problem to be managed

The standard critique of the war does not ask who requires Iran to remain an enemy rather than a problem to be managed

The standard critique of the war does not ask who requires Iran to remain an enemy rather than a problem to be managed.

Myocardial bridging (MB) is a congenital coronary anomaly characterized by an intramyocardial course of an epicardial coronary artery, resulting in dynamic systolic compression, most commonly involving the left anterior descending (LAD) artery. Although the anatomical substrate is generally considered congenital and structurally fixed, the angiographic expression of MB may vary according to hemodynamic conditions, pharmacologic therapy, imaging projection, and coexisting coronary artery disease. We report the case of a 71-year-old woman with hypertension and dyslipidemia who presented in 2020 with recurrent chest discomfort. Coronary angiography demonstrated a proximal-to-mid LAD MB with approximately 50-60% systolic compression and preserved flow, and she was managed conservatively with beta-blocker therapy. Six years later, she re-presented with recurrent chest pain. Repeat coronary angiography showed reduced dynamic systolic compression of the previously bridged LAD segment, which now appeared as an approximately 60% fixed luminal narrowing, along with newly detected dynamic MB in the distal branch of the left circumflex artery. These findings were interpreted as apparent longitudinal variation in angiographic expression rather than confirmed anatomical regression or de novo formation. The patient was managed medically without percutaneous coronary intervention because there was no flow-limiting stenosis, biomarkers were negative, and physiologic confirmation of ischemia was not obtained. This case highlights that serial coronary angiography in MB should be interpreted cautiously, particularly when imaging conditions and physiologic assessment are not standardized. For clinicians, the key implication is that apparent changes in MB over time may reflect functional modulation, imaging variability, and superimposed atherosclerosis rather than true structural evolution.

The fighting over oil production quotas was the symptom. Security realignment is the disease

The fighting over oil production quotas was the symptom. Security realignment is the disease.

Wakeel Ahmed Amman Farzeen Kashif Ali Shahid Zaman and Asad Ullah Department of Mathematics, University of Sialkot, 51310, Sialkot, Pakistan

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