By: Dan Tokaji
This study examines the relationship between campaign expenditures and electoral performance in single-winner instant runoff voting (IRV) elections compared to plurality elections. Using data from competitive primary elections in New York City (2013–2025) and Maine (2012–2020), we analyze 66 city council, borough president, and citywide IRV and plurality contests, along with 12 state legislative and gubernatorial elections in Maine.







