Krishna Gupta

From NASA and ISRO to ESA and China's CNSA, space agencies are providing vital satellite data that now underpins climate science, forecasting and policymaking worldwide

The warming of our planet is not speculation but science, built on decades of research, measurement and irrefutable evidence

In the Climate Change series, we have covered international negotiations on climate change under the aegis of the United Nations Framework Convention

As climate risks intensify, understanding how models work becomes crucial to interpreting projections, policy choices, and environmental consequences

Climate models underpin global policy decisions, yet their limitations, uncertainties and computational trade-offs reveal the complexity of predicting a system as vast as Earth

Despite advances in computing and simulation, climate models continue to grapple with inherent limitations

From atmosphere and oceans to carbon cycles and regional forecasts, climate models help scientists read the planet's changing future

From equations and grids to uncertainty and probability, climate models offer powerful insights into Earth's future—but they remain approximations shaped by limits of science and computing

As climate models grow more complex, their limitations raise critical questions on how reliably they can guide public policy on mitigation and adaptation

Climate models remain essential for policymaking, but scientists increasingly warn against treating them as infallible predictors of the future