Michael Barnard

Population will not double again this century. Better 2100 transition scenarios need peak, plateau and regional divergence, not old growth curves.

Treating 35% electrification as a COP headline misses the point. It's an urgent directive to electrify loads that are already ready, build the grid around them, and stop preserving fossil demand.

China’s infrastructure buildout drove the modern materials surge. Steel, cement, coal and freight scenarios need a new denominator.

Maritime fuel debates usually start with the wrong object. They look at today's bunker fuel demand, line up replacement molecules, and ask whether

Fossil fuels are about 40% of maritime tonnage but roughly half of freight energy, which changes the shipping fuel transition.

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A lot of energy-transition arguments begin with today's fossil fuel demand. Coal, oil, and gas still dominate global primary energy, so it is tempting

Climate technologies must survive their own cost stack, beat alternatives after the full chain is counted, and pass adoption reality before they deserve policy or capital.

Boston Metal’s MOE platform may work first for selected critical metals, but bulk green iron still needs industrial proof.

Clean-energy bottlenecks are real, but good transition analysis models how investment, substitution, policy and industry respond.