William Jordan

British people back their country's NATO commitment in principle, and most also support the use of military force if the United States is attacked

59% of Americans say the U.S. should stay out of the conflict in Syria, only 17% support airstrikes, and most think intervening in Syria is not their country's responsibility

Biological pathways are sets of genes that jointly drive biological processes. Rather than analyzing genes individually, it is common practice to summarize sets of related genes using gene set variation analysis (GSVA). In short, GSVA summarizes a set of genes into a single score bounded between -1 and 1, where negative values suggest downregulation and positive values suggest upregulation. Although this interpretation is simple in theory, it depends on unbiased estimation of individual gene distributions. In the current version of GSVA, gene distributions are estimated using the input dataset (i.e., the scores are calculated based on the gene distributions from the same dataset). This becomes a major issue when study data does not adequately represent the full distribution of the population. For example, if RNA-seq data was collected on an imbalanced sample (e.g., more disease samples than healthy controls), it would be difficult to discern abnormalities in pathway activity since the gene distributions were estimated on a biased population. Therefore, we propose reference stabilizing GSVA (rsGSVA), a solution to this commonly ignored limitation by using reference datasets to estimate the gene distributions for a more stable GSVA score.

The Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of Justice have formed a False Claims Act (FCA) enforcement working group to target...

Abstract The COVID-19 outbreak brought to the fore the importance of airborne transmission in spreading human infectious diseases and highlighted the need for sustainable mitigation strategies.

Zackery Aldaher DO ∙ Michelle Patel BS ∙ Sweta Munagapati BS ∙ … ∙ Gautam Agarwal MBBS ∙ William

Zackery Aldaher DO ∙ Michelle Patel BS ∙ Munagapati Sweta BS ∙ … ∙ Gautam Agarwal MBBS ∙ William

Phillip Dobson BSPH ∙ Zackery Aldaher DO ∙ Andrew Soo Hoo MD ∙ Omar El Shazly MD ∙ William Jordan MD ∙ Gautam

Nuverah Mohsin MD ∙ Zackery Aldahar DO ∙ Sangmin Kim MS ∙ … ∙ Omar El Shazly MD ∙ Gautam Agarwal MBBS ∙ William

To further understand redox mechanisms occurring in wine, caffeic acid (CAF, 150 mg/L) and/or glutathione (GSH, 150 mg/L) were added to a model wine solution, followed by ferric iron (2 mg/L Fe(III), added as 10 mg/L Fe(III) chloride hexahydrate), while monitoring the oxidation–reduction potential (ORP, redox potential). Caffeic acid produced only modest ORP changes. In contrast, glutathione and caffeic acid + glutathione additions dropped the ORP from 243 mV and 238 mV, respectively, to the same post-addition value of 189 mV, suggesting that glutathione dictated the ORP, while caffeic acid showed no effect. The quinone of caffeic acid (assumed as changes in AU at 420 nm), was not detected, suggesting caffeic acid did not participate in oxidation reactions under wine conditions under superfluous amounts of dissolved oxygen (DO). After the addition of Fe(III), ORP increased to similar values across all treatments: 266 mV (FE), 269 mV (CAF), 284 mV (GSH), and 242 mV (CAF + GSH), suggesting that the Fe(II)/Fe(III) redox couple dominated the ORP electrode response. CAF + GSH produced the steepest ORP decline after the addition of Fe(III) chloride hexahydrate (β (slope of the ORP) = −0.7082), significantly steeper than FE (β = −0.3051; p = 0.0032) and GSH (β = −0.4643; p = 0.0496), suggesting synergistic radical quenching and metal redox cycling. Photo-Fenton-like reactions likely contributed to slight decreases in the ORP over time. In conclusion, glutathione strongly lowered the ORP, Fe(III) increased the ORP across treatments, and caffeic acid had minimal impact on the ORP under model wine conditions.