William Jordan

Zackery Aldaher DO ∙ Michelle Patel BS ∙ Sweta Munagapati BS ∙ … ∙ Gautam Agarwal MBBS ∙ William

Zackery Aldaher DO ∙ Michelle Patel BS ∙ Munagapati Sweta BS ∙ … ∙ Gautam Agarwal MBBS ∙ William

Phillip Dobson BSPH ∙ Zackery Aldaher DO ∙ Andrew Soo Hoo MD ∙ Omar El Shazly MD ∙ William Jordan MD ∙ Gautam

Nuverah Mohsin MD ∙ Zackery Aldahar DO ∙ Sangmin Kim MS ∙ … ∙ Omar El Shazly MD ∙ Gautam Agarwal MBBS ∙ William

To further understand redox mechanisms occurring in wine, caffeic acid (CAF, 150 mg/L) and/or glutathione (GSH, 150 mg/L) were added to a model wine solution, followed by ferric iron (2 mg/L Fe(III), added as 10 mg/L Fe(III) chloride hexahydrate), while monitoring the oxidation–reduction potential (ORP, redox potential). Caffeic acid produced only modest ORP changes. In contrast, glutathione and caffeic acid + glutathione additions dropped the ORP from 243 mV and 238 mV, respectively, to the same post-addition value of 189 mV, suggesting that glutathione dictated the ORP, while caffeic acid showed no effect. The quinone of caffeic acid (assumed as changes in AU at 420 nm), was not detected, suggesting caffeic acid did not participate in oxidation reactions under wine conditions under superfluous amounts of dissolved oxygen (DO). After the addition of Fe(III), ORP increased to similar values across all treatments: 266 mV (FE), 269 mV (CAF), 284 mV (GSH), and 242 mV (CAF + GSH), suggesting that the Fe(II)/Fe(III) redox couple dominated the ORP electrode response. CAF + GSH produced the steepest ORP decline after the addition of Fe(III) chloride hexahydrate (β (slope of the ORP) = −0.7082), significantly steeper than FE (β = −0.3051; p = 0.0032) and GSH (β = −0.4643; p = 0.0496), suggesting synergistic radical quenching and metal redox cycling. Photo-Fenton-like reactions likely contributed to slight decreases in the ORP over time. In conclusion, glutathione strongly lowered the ORP, Fe(III) increased the ORP across treatments, and caffeic acid had minimal impact on the ORP under model wine conditions.

Rocky Brands, Inc. ( NASDAQ:RCKY Get Free Report ) Director William Jordan sold 2,011 shares of the business's stock in a transaction that occurred on Friday, July 31st.

Rocky Brands, Inc. ( NASDAQ:RCKY Get Free Report ) Director William Jordan sold 989 shares of the firm's stock in a transaction dated Tuesday, August 4th.