Raghvendra Singh

where, \({{\rm{C}}}_{{\rm{TDC}}}\) is the number density of TDCs, and d is the concentration of the Notch ligands, Delta/DLL, on the stem cell surface.

In prehistoric times, the civilisations of Egypt and Mesopotamia flourished to the west of India, with China to its east. India's mountain passes provided natural access to Afghanistan, Iran, the Pamirs, Central Asia, and thence to West Asia, the Mediterranean world, and China. Goods from Badakshan and Central Asia found their way to the Sindhu-Saraswati region in the same manner as they did to Sumer and other ancient centres. The Achaemenid Empire and the Greco-Bactrian kingdoms provided an effective bridge between India and the Mediterranean world.

Background: Spinal anaesthesia is widely used for caesarean sections. However, patient positioning during its administration can influence hemodynamic outcomes. This study compares the effects of different sitting durations and lateral positioning on hemodynamics and neonatal outcomes following spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section.Methods: A total of 135 pregnant women scheduled for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia were randomly divided into three groups of 45 each: Group S1 - Sitting for one minute, Group S2 - Sitting for two minutes, and Group L - Lateral position. Haemodynamic variables (heart rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and oxygen saturation (SpO2)), requirements for vasopressors, sensory and motor block levels, APGAR scores, patient satisfaction, and complications were recorded.Results: After 10 minutes of spinal anaesthesia, MAP decreased significantly in Groups S1 and S2 compared to Group L (p < 0.05). Patients in Group L maintained better haemodynamic stability throughout the surgery. Sensory and motor block levels were comparable among all groups. The mean time to achieve the highest sensory block level was 4.20 ± 1.31 minutes in Group L, 6.73 ± 1.03 minutes in Group S1, and 6.82 ± 1.05 minutes in Group S2 (p < 0.05). Vasopressor requirement was significantly lower in Group L (6.43 ± 1.60 mg) compared to Groups S1 and S2 (14.25 ± 5.71 mg and 13.03 ± 5.57 mg, respectively) (p < 0.05). APGAR scores at one minute and five minutes were higher in Group L compared to Groups S1 and S2 (p < 0.05). Patient satisfaction scores were also significantly higher in Group L, with fewer complications compared to Groups S1 and S2.Conclusion: The lateral position provided superior haemodynamic stability, higher patient satisfaction, and better neonatal outcomes compared to sitting positions during spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section.

Sanskrit means ‘perfectly made'. It is a language of extraordinary precision. Sanskrit is one of the oldest recorded languages. It developed a most comprehensive linguistic system very early in history so that it could easily be committed to memory. The earliest Sanskrit writings, the Rig Vedic hymns, are in the form of poetry.

On 6 July 2026, India commemorated the 125th birth anniversary of Dr Syama Prasad Mukherjee, endearingly referred to as Syama Babu. He passed away in the early hours of 23 June 1953. He was just 52. A member of Lok Sabha, he was part of independent...