Srinivas Reddy

Background: Recombinant monoclonal antibodies represent a vital category of biologics, constituting the largest class of molecules used to treat autoimmune disorders, cancers, rheumatoid arthritis, and other chronic conditions. The IgG1 subclass is the most potent among all the immunoglobulin gamma (IgG) antibodies, inducing Fc-related effector functions. N-linked glycan distribution of therapeutic IgG1s affects Fc-related effector functions such as CDC (complement-dependent cytotoxicity) and ADCC (antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) biological activities and efficacy in vivo. Hence, as a critical quality attribute (CQA), the glycosylation profile of therapeutic IgG1s must be consistently preserved, which is primarily influenced by manufacturing process factors. In the era of biosimilars, it is challenging for biopharmaceutical manufacturers to not only obtain the desired glycan distribution consistently but also to meet the innovator molecule specifications as per the regulatory agencies. Methods: This study investigates the CHO fed-batch process parameters that affect the titer and terminal galactosylation of the TNF-α blocker-IgG1. It was hypothesized that galactose supplementation would enhance the galactosylation of TNF-α blocker-IgG1. Results: It was observed that such in-cultivation process shift does not affect cell culture parameters yet significantly enhances the galactosylation of TNF-α blocker-IgG1. Interestingly, the results indicate that supplementing D-galactose from the exponential phase of the CHO fed-batch process had the greatest effect on Fc galactosylation, increasing the amount of total galactosylated TNF-α blocker-IgG1 from 7.7% to 15.8%. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate a relatively easy and viable technique for cell culture engineering that is more appropriate for industrial production than costly in vitro glycoengineering.

In this episode of FO° Talks, Atul Singh and Srinivas Reddy posit that classical India was defined by flourishing literature, philosophy,

Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) is a common congenital condition with known gender differences, but region-specific data from Telangana are limited. This hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study evaluated 665 (n=665) patients treated between 2020 and 2024 to analyze gender distribution across cleft types. Clefts were categorized as cleft lip (CL), cleft palate (CP), and cleft lip with palate (CLP), and statistical analysis included the chi-square test, odds ratio (OR), and Z-test. CLP was the most common presentation (n=393, 59.10%), followed by CL (n=234, 35.19%) and CP (n=38, 5.71%). A clear gender pattern was observed, with males more frequently affected in CLP (n=233, 35.03%) and CL (n=126, 18.95%), while CP was more common in females (n=23, 3.45%). The association between gender and cleft type was statistically significant (χ² = 6.37, df = 2, p = 0.041). Males were more likely to present with CLP compared to CP (OR = 2.23; 95% CI: 1.13-4.41), which was further supported by the Z-test (p = 0.018). Overall, a significant gender disparity was observed in cleft distribution in Telangana, highlighting the need for gender-sensitive screening and management strategies.

Although diazo compounds are privileged reagents in organic synthesis, sustainable methods for their radical engagement remain scarce, with most existing protocols relying on costly photocatalysts or stoichiometric reductants. Herein, we report an electrochemical proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) strat