Ali Ahmad

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We present the COSMOS Spectroscopic Redshift Compilation encompassing ∼20 yr of spectroscopic redshifts within a 10 deg area centered on the 2 deg COSMOS legacy field. This compilation contains 487,666 redshifts of 266,284 unique objects from 138 individual programs up to z ∼ 8 with median stellar mass ∼10 –10 M ⊙ (redshift dependent). Rest-frame NUVrJ colors and star formation rate–stellar mass correlations show that the compilation primarily contains low-to-intermediate-mass star-forming and massive, quiescent galaxies at z < 1.25 and mostly low-mass bursty star-forming galaxies at z > 2. Sources in the compilation cover a diverse range of environments, including protoclusters such as “Hyperion.” The full compilation is 50% spectroscopically complete by i ∼ 23.4 mag and K s ∼ 21.6 mag; however, this is redshift dependent. Spatially, the compilation is >50% (>30%) complete within the central (outer) region limited to i < 24 mag and K s < 22.5 mag, separately. We demonstrate how the compilation can be used to validate photometric redshifts and investigate calibration metrics. By training self-organizing maps on COSMOS2020/Classic and projecting the compilation onto it, we find key subpopulations currently lacking spectroscopic coverage, including z < 1 intermediate-mass quiescent and low-/intermediate-mass bursty star-forming galaxies, z ∼ 2 massive quiescent galaxies, and z > 3 massive star-forming galaxies. This highlights how combining self-organizing maps with our compilation can provide guidance for future spectroscopic observations to get a complete spectroscopic view of galaxy populations. Lastly, the compilation will undergo periodic data releases incorporating new spectroscopic redshifts and providing a lasting legacy resource for the community.

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This article presents a comparative analysis of the negated antithesis (ṭibāq salb) in pre-Islamic poetry and the Qurʾān using data generated by the Rhetorical Element Identifier (REI), a computational tool capable of automatically detecting this device across both corpora. Drawing on a dataset of 1908 pre-Islamic poems and the full Qurʾānic text, the study explores how shared rhetorical patterns reflect a broader stylistic continuum between the two earliest Arabic literary traditions. While the Qurʾān employs structures attested in the poetic corpus, it frequently reconfigures them—shifting antithetical elements from verse-final to mid-verse positions, creating new syntactic configurations, and deploying the device for didactic and theological aims. The analysis also identifies thirty-three shared verbal roots that appear in comparable grammatical settings across both corpora, underscoring a common semantic foundation. By isolating a single rhetorical feature, the study highlights how the Qurʾān both inherits and reshapes earlier poetic strategies, offering fresh insight into the evolution of early Arabic rhetoric.

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We present detections of auroral emission lines of [O iii], [O ii], [S iii], and [S ii] in deep JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy for 41 star-forming galaxies at z = 1.4–7.2 from the AURORA survey. We combine these new observations with 98 star-forming galaxies at z = 1.3–10.6 with detected auroral lines drawn from the literature to form a sample of 139 high-redshift galaxies with robust electron temperature and direct-method oxygen abundance determinations. This sample notably covers a wider dynamic range in metallicity than previous work, spanning 0.02–0.9 Z ⊙ . We calibrate empirical relations between 19 emission-line ratios and oxygen abundance, providing a robust tool set to infer accurate gas-phase metallicities of high-redshift galaxies when auroral lines are not detected. While calibrations based on lines of α elements (O, Ne, S, Ar) appear reliable, we find significant scatter in calibrations involving lines of N driven by a high dispersion in N/O at fixed O/H, suggesting that N-based line ratios are less reliable tracers of the oxygen abundance at high redshift. These new high-redshift calibrations are notably offset from those based on typical z ∼ 0 galaxy and H ii region samples, and are better matched by samples of extreme local galaxies that are analogs of high-redshift sources. The new metallicity calibrations presented in this work pave the way for robust studies of galaxy chemical evolution in the early Universe, leading to a better understanding of baryon cycling and galaxy formation from Cosmic Noon through the Epoch of Reionization.

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This study explores faculty members’ perceptions in tourism education programs regarding the use of digital technologies to enhance English language proficiency among learners preparing for careers as tourist guides. The study sample consisted of sixty-five instructors from tourist guide training institutions. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The research instrument was developed with reference to English for Specific Purposes (ESP) frameworks to ensure alignment with the linguistic and professional demands of the tourism sector. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify prevailing pedagogical approaches and patterns of technological integration. The findings reveal that faculty members recognized the value of incorporating advanced digital tools, such as simulations, virtual tours, digital assessments, and interactive platforms, into language instruction. These tools were perceived by participants to support learners’ fluency, context-specific vocabulary, self-confidence, and motivation. Moreover, participants perceived the shift to digital methodologies as improving instructional relevance and better aligning educational experiences with industry expectations, potentially increasing students’ preparedness for real-world interactions. The study concludes by emphasizing the need for targeted professional development to equip instructors with the digital competencies required for effective English instruction in tourism contexts.

We present the survey design, implementation, and outlook for COSMOS-Web, a 255 hr treasury program conducted by the James Webb Space Telescope in its first cycle of observations. COSMOS-Web is a contiguous 0.54 deg NIRCam imaging survey in four filters (F115W, F150W, F277W, and F444W) that will reach 5 σ point-source depths ranging ∼27.5–28.2 mag. In parallel, we will obtain 0.19 deg of MIRI imaging in one filter (F770W) reaching 5 σ point-source depths of ∼25.3–26.0 mag. COSMOS-Web will build on the rich heritage of multiwavelength observations and data products available in the COSMOS field. The design of COSMOS-Web is motivated by three primary science goals: (1) to discover thousands of galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization (6 ≲ z ≲ 11) and map reionization's spatial distribution, environments, and drivers on scales sufficiently large to mitigate cosmic variance, (2) to identify hundreds of rare quiescent galaxies at z > 4 and place constraints on the formation of the universe's most-massive galaxies ( M ⋆ M ⊙ ), and (3) directly measure the evolution of the stellar-mass-to-halo-mass relation using weak gravitational lensing out to z ∼ 2.5 and measure its variance with galaxies' star formation histories and morphologies. In addition, we anticipate COSMOS-Web's legacy value to reach far beyond these scientific goals, touching many other areas of astrophysics, such as the identification of the first direct collapse black hole candidates, ultracool subdwarf stars in the Galactic halo, and possibly the identification of z > 10 pair-instability supernovae. In this paper we provide an overview of the survey's key measurements, specifications, goals, and prospects for new discovery.