Juan Manuel

This study aims to develop and experimentally evaluate an artificial neural network-based temperature control strategy for hot-air carrot drying within an IoT-enabled cyber-physical system. The experimental setup employs an Arduino Mega 2560 equipped with AM2302 (air temperature sensor), MLX90614 (infrared surface temperature sensor), and SHT35 (relative humidity sensor), an HX711 load cell, and a WS68 anemometer, with cloud communication provided by an ESP8266 module for remote monitoring via Wi-Fi. The neural controller, implemented using the Arduino Neurona library, regulates the dryer temperature in real time, enabling drying kinetics analysis under ANN-based thermal control to investigate its capability to maintain thermal stability. Three initial loads (2, 4, and 6 kg) were analyzed to determine the thermal efficiency. In the dehydration experiments, the 2 kg load reached a final moisture content of 10% in 4.4 h, consuming 1390 kJ with a thermal efficiency of 83%. The 4 kg load exhibited the best time–energy balance (6.6 h, 1850.0 kJ, 88%), while the 6 kg load achieved the highest efficiency (8.1 h, 2250.0 kJ, 91%). These results demonstrate the effectiveness of neural-network-based control implemented on low-cost microcontrollers to enhance thermal efficiency in food dehydration processes.

Air pollution with fine particulates is a recent global concern as it has been identified as a risk factor for several health problems. The molecular mechanism linking PM exposure to adverse health effects has not yet been fully elucidated but was found to be linked with inflammatory responses across many investigated exposure settings. In particular, children and juveniles turned out to be highly vulnerable in this regard, with exposure potentially leading to long-term effects on development. We therefore investigated how air pollution in an area where local exposure is traditionally linked with sugar cane production, a potential source of high PM-levels, is affecting the immunologic profile of a pediatric population. Samples were collected from pediatric populations residing in various study sites, including sites with identified sources of high PM emission like sugar cane harvest and thermoelectrical activities and sites with no identified emission sources as control non-exposed population. Significantly elevated TSLP concentrations were observed in serum samples of the pediatric population exposed to particulate matter, along with a distinctive cytokine profile characterized by increased rations of IL-2, IL-4, INF-γ, and IL-6, suggesting alterations in Th2 response. In the present study, no chemical characterization of PM was carried out; however, it was observed by air quality monitoring PM2.5 concentrations exceeded permissible limits, suggesting potential exposure of the pediatric population to PM from agricultural activities. These findings underscore the intricate relationship between environmental factors and immune response in vulnerable pediatric populations and explore TSLP response to PM exposition.

Background/Objectives: Adolescence is a critical developmental period during which dietary quality and physical activity (PA) may influence insulin sensitivity and pancreatic β-cell function. This observational cohort study investigated how adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and participation in structured physical activity (PA) relate to metabolic changes over six months in Spanish male adolescents. Methods: A total of 78 participants (median age 11 years; IQR 10–12) were followed in a school-based study (2020–2021) and categorized by MedDiet adherence using the KIDMED index into medium (M) and high (H) groups. Metabolic health was assessed at baseline (T1) and after six months (T2) using lipid profiles, glucose, insulin, and several indirect indices of insulin resistance and β-cell function, including HOMA-IR, QUICKI, and SPINA indices. Statistical analyses included correlations and adjusted linear models, with false discovery rate correction applied. Results: At baseline, higher MedDiet adherence was associated with lower fasting insulin and improved insulin resistance markers (p ≤ 0.002). Over six months, adolescents with high adherence showed more favorable changes in insulin sensitivity (fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, QUICKI) and β-cell function (SPINA indices), with results remaining significant after correction (all pFDR < 0.05). LDL cholesterol levels also improved more markedly in participants combining high MedDiet adherence with structured PA (pFDR < 0.001). In contrast, triglycerides and TG-related indices increased across all groups, without differences between them (pFDR < 0.001). Conclusions: High MedDiet adherence combined with structured PA was associated with more favorable trajectories in insulin sensitivity, attenuated β-cell secretory demand, and a more favorable LDL-c profile. These findings support integrated lifestyle approaches for early cardiometabolic prevention in male adolescence.

Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Vegetal Production Area, IVAGRO, University of Cadiz, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), P.O.

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by and Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain

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