Maria Cristina

Abstract Background The post-2000 period in South America presents a striking divergence in malaria epidemiology: Ecuador achieved a >

Corn stunt complex disease (CSCD) poses a severe threat to maize production in Brazil, with persistent outbreaks and substantial crop losses. This disease complex involves two bacterial pathogens, the maize bushy stunt phytoplasma (“Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris”) and Spiroplasma kunkelii, both transmitted by the corn leafhopper Dalbulus maidis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Studies to assess the epidemic dynamics of CSCD are scarce. This study aimed to comprehensively assess disease incidence and progression in experimental fields in Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Symptom assessments were done on 2,860 and 6,336 maize plants in the 2018/19 and 2019/20 seasons, respectively, with binary data recorded for the presence (1) or absence (0) of symptoms during crop development. The observed CSCD incidence was 7.62% and 4.58% for the each season, respectively. Goodness-of-fit comparison indicated that the 2018/19 data confirmed to a binomial distribution, consistent with a random spatial pattern, while the 2019/20 data were better described by a beta-binomial distribution, indicating aggregation (clustered distribution) among infected plants. This shift from a random to an aggregated pattern highlights the progression from widespread primary vector-borne inoculation to localized secondary disease spread within the field. Semivariogram analysis confirmed the uniform distribution of diseased plants across the study fields. Geostatistical examination of the field scale spatial distribution of diseased plants unveiled low spatial dependence, with an index of aggregation around 1 and an intracluster correlation coefficient of ≤ 0.03. Although visual assessments were conducted at the late vegetative stage (63–81 days after sowing), the long incubation period of the pathogens indicates that primary infections likely occurred early in the crop cycle, at the V1–V3 stages. The absence of pronounced spatial clustering emphasizes the critical significance of a widespread distribution throughout the field, highlighting the imminent risk of rapid plant infestation and underscoring the necessity for early-season control measures to prevent potential extensive damage.

by and Odonto-Stomatology Department, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain Faculty of Health Sciences, Wrocław Medical University, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland

Cardiology Unit, Villa Verde Clinic, 74121 Taranto, Italy Cardiology Unit, Mater Dei Hospital, 70125 Bari, Italy

Computed tomography (CT) enables accurate assessment of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue; however, population-specific reference values remain limited.

The transition to renewable energy sources is expected to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and the associated impacts on global climate but it entails an increased human pressure on land and water resources. Here we evaluate the associated shift in environmental costs from climate warming to increased human use of land and water. We evaluate the tradeoffs inherent to the different carbon, land, and water footprints of fossil vs renewable energy sources at local and global scales. While with the industrial revolution human reliance on fossil fuels has coupled economic growth to global CO2 emissions, it has greatly decoupled the energy system from land and water use. Conversely, the transition to renewable (or “green”) energy is now recoupling energy production to local land (and water) use.

This research aimed to investigate the impact of vegetation conservation on the local climate and architectural production of two riverside communities

by and Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via Dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy

by and Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy

Antarctic coastal systems preserve valuable records of postglacial environmental change and extreme storm events.