Juan Manuel

Open Access Article by Osmar Antonio Espinosa-Bernal Osmar Antonio Espinosa-Bernal SciProfiles Scilit

This paper provides an efficient method to compute an LDU decomposition of the Laplacian matrix of a connected graph with high relative accuracy. Several applications of this method are presented. In particular, it can be applied to efficiently compute the eigenvalues of the mentioned Laplacian matrix. Moreover, the method can be extended to graphs with weighted edges.

In 2018, the WHO published a methodology for conducting a point prevalence survey (PPS) of antibiotic use in hospitals. The aim of this study is to report the use of antibiotics in six second-level hospitals in Mexico using this methodology. Methods: A multicenter cross-sectional study based on the 2021–2023 adaptation for Latin American hospitals was conducted in internal medicine, surgery, intensive care unit (ICU), obstetrics and gynecology and pediatrics departments of the IMSS in the western region of the state of Mexico. Results: The overall prevalence of antibiotic use was 61%; the services with the highest prevalence of prescription were general surgery (79%) and the ICU (78%). A total of 846 patients were surveyed; there were no differences in antibiotic use or non-use in terms of gender, surgical procedure and invasive devices, but there were differences in median age and comorbidities. Adherence to guidelines was 53.9%. The three main antibiotics used were third-generation cephalosporins (28%), carbapenems (13%) and glycopeptides (9%); for the type of indication, for CAI and prophylaxis, the rates of use of third-generation cephalosporins were 29.2% and 44.5%, respectively, while for healthcare-associated infections, carbapenems were used (23.9%). By AWaRe group, the watch group was predominant for all types (63.9%), for prophylaxis it was the access group (39.3%), and for HAIs it was the reserve group (4.9%).

Section Anaesthesiology, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain

Gerodontologý an Special Care Dentistry Unit, Morales Meseguer Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30008 Murcia, Spain

Cellular and Molecular Immunology Group–InmuBo, School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Av. Cra 9 No. 131 A–02, Bogotá 110121, Colombia

Hospital Juárez de México, Mexico City 07760, Mexico Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico

Background/Objectives: The relationship between executive functions, special educational needs (SEN), and learning difficulties in school-aged children is critical for developing effective educational interventions. This study explores the connection between executive functions and SEN in primary school students, examining differences in executive function profiles between those with and without SEN and their impact on learning difficulties. Methods: In total, 123 primary school students aged 6 to 12 and their teachers and parents participated in this study. The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF-2) and the Prediscal test were used to assess difficulties in reading and mathematics, and sociodemographic and clinical data were collected through ad hoc records. Results: The results indicated that students with SEN exhibited significantly more affected executive function profiles compared to their peers without SEN in both family and school contexts, highlighting areas such as cognitive flexibility, initiative, working memory, planning and organisation, task supervision, and material organisation. Additionally, significant negative correlations were found between executive functions and performance in reading and mathematics, suggesting that deficits in executive functions are strongly associated with SEN. Conclusions: These findings underscore the critical role of executive functions in understanding and addressing SEN and learning difficulties, emphasising the need for comprehensive assessment programmes and early intervention targeting executive function deficits to support the academic and overall development of students with SEN.

Health, Economy, Motricity and Education (HEME) Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain

Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Service, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Rua da Choupana s/n, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain