José María

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School of Geography and History, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain Religions (12), 1446; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15121446 (registering DOI)

Digital therapeutics (DTx) are transforming healthcare delivery through personalised, evidence-based interventions that offer a cost-effective approach to health management. However, their widespread adoption faces significant barriers including privacy concerns, usability issues, and integration challenges within healthcare systems. This review assesses the current evidence on DTx, with a particular focus on the role of co-creation in enhancing design and usability. A narrative review was conducted to identify studies exploring co-creation in DTx development. Three studies were selected for in-depth analysis, demonstrating that co-creation processes significantly improve the usability and effectiveness of DTx interventions. Findings underscore challenges in DTx implementation, including complex regulatory processes, digital inequality, high development costs, and difficulties in integrating with existing healthcare systems. Despite the existence of discrete examples of co-creation in DTx and its acknowledged value in the healthcare domain, systematic research in this field remains markedly limited. Future studies should prioritise establishing best practises for co-creation, with particular emphasis on methods to enhance data privacy and security, standardisation protocols, and patient engagement strategies to optimise DTx adoption and effectiveness. This review contributes to the growing body of literature on DTx by highlighting the potential of co-creation while also identifying critical areas for future research.

Sport Training Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Department of Podiatry, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. J. Clin. Med.

Finding the balance between CO2 concentration and thermal comfort is very important during the heating season in a daycare classroom due to the impact it has on children's health. Air treatment systems together with outdoor hygrothermal conditions are decisive in finding this balance. The objective of this work is to evaluate the impact that three air treatment systems, ventilation, conditioning, and air cleaning, have on thermal comfort and CO2 concentration in the two breathing planes defined by the occupants of a daycare classroom. Eight experimental tests were carried out, using different combinations of air systems. Temperature, relative humidity, and CO2 concentration are measured at eight points in the classroom: four in the children's breathing plane (0.75 m) and the other four in that of an adult (1.7 m). The results show, on the one hand, that the ventilation or conditioning systems improve the indoor CO2 concentration in the two planes, equalizing it in the two planes and, on the other hand, that the sensation of cold is greater in the children's breathing plane than in the adult's breathing plane in all the experimental tests studied.

Department of Neumology, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Carretera del Rosario 145, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain

Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia

Food Technology Department, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA-CSIC), Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain

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